As a clearinghouse for information on peer work, we conduct computerized literature searches and subscribe to a number of reference publications associated with various forms of peer helping, including peer counselling, peer tutoring, mentoring and related research and practice. The entries listed below and on the next pages will be annotated and indexed in the next edition of our Bibliography. Annotations have been condensed here to save space, and in some cases the article may not have been available for annotation at press time. Copyright legislation does not allow us to make copies for distribution. Consult a local or university library, use interlibrary loan, or write to the author directly (that's what we do) to obtain a copy.

You can scroll through the list of references below which are listed in alphabetical order or you can use our search engine to look for a key word, phrase, date, or name.

• Adrados, J.L.R. (1995). The influence of family, school, and peers on adolescent drug misuse. International Journal of the Addictions, 30, 11, 1407-1423. A comparison of youth in America and Spain examined the stepping-stone or gateway notion of tobacco leading to other drug use.

• Alcorn, S. (1996, Winter). Peer helping programs: Part II. OSCA Reports, 21-25. A brief list and descriptions of various peer helping programs in Ontario (Canada).

• Alverman, D.E. (1995). Peer-led discussions: Whose interests are served? Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 39, 4, 282-289. Social needs of students for peer acceptance and approval require teachers to use skill and sensitivity when using peer discussion to maximize learning.

• Aseltine, R.H. (1995). A reconsideration of parental and peer influences on adolescent deviance. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 2, 103-121. Estimates of influence of friends are grossly overstated.

• Bauman, K.E., and Ennett, S.T. (1994). Peer influence on adolescent drug use. American Psychologist, 49, 9, 820-822. Peer influence has less importance than normally assumed and smokers were more likely to be isolates than members of social network groups.

• Benshoff, J.M., and Paisley, P.O. (1996). The structured peer consultation model for school counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 3, 314-318. School counselors who worked together as peers using specific steps to help each other enhanced their skills, knowledge, and goal attainment.

• Berndt, T.J., and Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents1 adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 5, 1312-1329. Grade 7 and 8 students deepened friendships when they were characterized by positive features; negative features contributed to decreases in friendships and increases in disruptive behaviours.

• Biglan. A., Duncan, T.E., Ary, D.V., and Smolkowski, K. (1995). Peer and parental influences on adolescent tobacco use. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 4, 315-330. Inadequate parenting, parent conflicts and association with deviant peers predicted tobacco use.

• Boivin, M., Hymel, S., and Bukowski, W.M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 4, 765-785. Loneliness contributes to children¹s depression and negative peer experiences.

• Botvin, G.J., Botvin, E.M., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L., and Goldberg, C.J. (1992). The false consensus effect - Predicting adolescents¹ tobacco use from normative expectations. Psychological Reports, 70, 1, 171-178. Adolescent beliefs about the amount of smoking going on around them play an important role in smoking initiation.

• Broadhead, R.S., Heckathorn, D.D., Grung, J.P.C., Stern, L.S., and Anthony, D.L. (1995). Drug users versus outreach workers in combatting AIDS: Preliminary results of a peer-driven intervention. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 3, 531-564. Peers can provide supplementary services that contribute to the education and cost savings of injection drug users.

• Carns, A.W. (1996). School bus safety: A peer helper program with a career development focus. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 30, 3, 213-217. A unique application of Adlerian principles to peers on a bus trip.

• Coggans, N., and McKellar, S. (1994). Drug use amongst peers: Peer pressure or peer preference? Drugs, Education, Prevention and Policy, 1, 1, 15-26. Peer influence has wrongly been placed above individual responsibility for choice and motivation in determining the reasons for adolescent drug use.

• Crofts, N. and Herkt, D. (1995). A history of peer-based drug-user groups in Australia. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 3, 599-616. Report on the profound effect peer-based groups have had in prevention of injection drug use.

• Donaldson, S.I. (995). Peer influence on adolescent drug use: A perspective from the trenches of experimental evaluation research. American Psychologist, 50, 9, 801-802. An assessment of the key factors that will assist a peer approach to drug abuse prevention.

• Elder, L.L. (1996). Big dividends: Peer programs provide benefits beyond the obvious. Student Assistance Journal, 8, 4, 22-23. Relationship between peer programs and student assistance programs.

• English, J. (1994). Innovative practices in comprehensive health education programs for elementary schools. Journal of School Health, 64, 5, 188-191. The need for vision in health education programs and the need to include opportunities involving youth as peer helpers.

• Fabiano, P.M. (1994). From personal health into community action: Another step forward in peer health education. Journal of American College Health, 43, 3, 115-121. Describes the paradigm shift needed to view health as related to social networking and translates this shift into specific peer health education training curriculum.

  We shall not cease from exploration And at the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time.
  T.S. Eliot

• Fennell, R. (1993). A review of evaluations of peer education programs. Journal of American College Health, 41, 6, 251-253. Few evaluations exist of peer education programs and suggestions are provided to increase in evaluation activities.

• Flay, B.R., Hu, F.B., Siddiqui, O., Day, L.E., Hedeker, D., Petraitis, J., Richardson, J., and Sussman, S. (1994). Differential influence of parental smoking and friends' smoking on adolescent initiation and escalation of smoking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 3, 248-265. Friends' smoking has a direct influence on adolescent smoking behaviour whereas parent smoking seems to have only an indirect influence.

• Gleaning, A. (1994). Guidelines for school health programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction. Journal of School Health, 64, 9, 353-360. Seven guidelines based on a review of research, theory, and practice in prevention, including policy enforcement, training in social influence and refusal skills, K-12 prevention education, training for teachers, involving parents, support for cessation, and regular program assessment.

• Gorman, D.M. (1995). Are school-based resistance skills training programs effective in preventing alcohol misuse? Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 41, 1, 74-98. A solid review of all published reports of the use of resistance skill training shows little or no effect on drinking behavior at follow-up, but the author provides reasons why, and suggest greater involvement of peers in program delivery.

• Hamachek, D. (1995). Self-concept and school achievement: Interaction dynamics and a tool for assessing the self-concept component. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 4, 419-425. One of the best summaries of self-concept research and includes an inventory to both identify and guide student self-concept development and can be used by peer helpers to help their friends develop more positive views of self and improve academic outcomes.

• Hardesty, P.H., and Kirby, K.M. (1995). Relation between family religiousness and drug use within adolescent peer groups. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 2, 421-430. Higher levels of family religiousness was associated with lower levels of illicit drug use among peers.

• Hatcher, S.L., and Younce, P.S. (1994). A peer counseling program for nontraditional women college students. The Peer Facilitator Quarterly, 12, 2, 30-33. Women re-entering education at the post-secondary level have special needs that can be met more fully with help of other women trained as peer counselors.

• Hopkins, N. (1994). Peer group processes and adolescent health-related behaviour-More than peer group pressure. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 4, 5, 329-345. Peer group pressure is an inadequate account of adolescent smoking and drinking and alternative analysis has valuable implications for health education.

• Kafka, R.R, and London, P. (1991). Communication in relationships and adolescent substance use: The influence of parents and friends. Adolescence, 26, 103, 587-598. The ability to talk openly with at least one parent is associated with lower levels of substance use, but no evidence was found that openness with a close friend or perceived pressure from friends was related to substance use.

• Kindermann, T.A., McCollam, T.L., and Gibson Jr., E. (1995). Peer networks and students' classroom engagement during childhood and adolescence. In K. Wentzel and J. Juvonen (Eds.). Social motivation: Understanding childrens' school adjustment. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Youth social networks have a more powerful influence on motivation than teachers, and changing friendships provide opportunities for youth to learn valuable skills.

• Levy, J.P. Gallmeier, C.P., and Wiebel, W.W. (1995). The outreach assisted peer-support model for controlling drug dependency. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 3, 507-529. Peers help to stop, control and reduce the harm of using illegal drugs.

• Lewis, M.W., and Lewis, A.C. (1996). Peer helping programs: Helper role, supervisor training, and suicidal behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 3, 307-313. A survey of peer programs in the state of Washington revealed that while such programs are widely used, many are supervised by persons by who were not professional counsellors and this appears to relate to student suicide rates.

• Nelson, D.E., Giovino, G.A., Shopland, D.R., Mowery, P.D., Mills, S.P., and Erikson, M.P. (1995). Trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents, 1974 through 1991. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1, 34-40. The rate of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed and the authors attribute the slow down to increased tobacco advertising and inadequate tobacco education efforts.

• Nicole, A.K., Sondag, K.A., and Drolet, J.C. (1994). Understanding volunteer health educators' motivations: Applying social learning theory. Journal of American College Health, 43, 3, 126-130. Life experiences, a belief in the effectiveness of peer health education, and positive reinforcement were significant factors in decisions to volunteer.

• Prince, F. (1995). The relative effectiveness of a peer-led and adult-led smoking intervention program. Adolescence, 30, 117, 187-194. Number of cigarettes smoked went down significantly in both peer-led and adult-led groups compared to a control group, and the results were maintained when the youth were exposed to fewer smoking individuals.

• Ranson, M.V. (1992). Peer perceptions of adolescent health behaviors. Journal of School Health, 62, 6, 238-242. Traits that adolescents want to develop must be understood in order to design effective health education programs.

• Seid, M.J. (1994). The prevention of tobacco use: The S.T.E.P. program. The Peer Facilitator Quarterly, 12, 2, 23-29. Credibility of peer educators is essential to the effectiveness of health education programs and for anti-tobacco efforts to have lasting effects they must be part of an on-going, K-12 health promotion curriculum.

• Showers, B., and Joyce, B. (1996). The evolution of peer coaching. Educational Leadership, 53, 6, 12-16. Peer coaching helps teachers implement new strategies.

• Sloane, B.C., and Zimmer, C.G. (1993). The power of peer health education. Journal of American College Health, 41, 6, 241-245. A review of various models of peer education at the university and college level.

• Thombs, D.L. (1991). Characteristics of students attending alcohol peer education workshops: Implications for campuswide prevention. Journal of College Student Development, 32, 6, 566-568. Dilemmas associated with attracting students most in need of alcohol education are discussed.

• Trautman, F. (1995). Peer support as a method of risk reduction in injecting drug-user communities: Experiences in Dutch projects and the European peer support project. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 3, 617-628. Discusses the results of various peer organizations working to combat the spread of HIV and reduce other health problems.

• Treboux, D., and Buschrossnagel, N.A. (1995). Age differences in parent and peer influences on female sexual behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 4, 469-487. Mother's influence on sexual attitudes is strongest in grade 9 and 10, but peer influence becomes stronger in grades 11 and 12.

• van Roosmalen, E.H., and McDaniel, S.A. (1992). Adolescent smoking intentions: Gender differences in peer context. Adolescence, 27, 105, 87-105. Smoking prevention programs need to target adolescent females and work to dispel myths they hold about the benefits of smoking.

• Vitaro, F., Dobkin, P. L., et Tremblay, R.E. (1994). Programme de prévention des toxicomanies en milieu scolaire. Journal International de Psychologie, 29, 4, 431-452. Les résultats montrent que le programme de prévention a influencé les connaissances au sujet de la cigarette, les attitudes via-à-vis la cigarette et la marijuana ainsi que la consommation d'alcool et de marijuana.

• Wolf, Y., Olenickshemesh, D., Addad, M., Green, D., and Walters, J. (1995). Personal and situational factors in drug use as perceived by kibbutz youth. Adolescence, 30, 120, 909-930. Users assigned equal weight to personal factors and group pressure factors, whereas nonusers only believed pressure factors were influential in initiation of drug use.